Change your Network Card MAC Address on Ubuntu

There are a lot of reasons you might want to manually set your MAC address for your network card. I won't ask you what your reason is.

To change this setting, we'll need to edit the /etc/network/interfaces file. You can choose to use a different editor if you'd like.

gedit /etc/network/interfaces

You should see the line for your network interface, which is usually eth0. If you have dhcp enabled, it will look like this:

auto eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp

Just add another line below it to make it look something like this:

auto eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp
hwaddress ether 01:02:03:04:05:06

Obviously you would want to choose something else for the MAC address, but it needs to be in the same format.

/etc/init.d/networking restart

You will need to restart networking or reboot to take effect.

Continue reading Change your Network Card MAC Address on Ubuntu

Password Recovery Procedure for the Cisco

Applyed 2000, 2500, 3000, 4000, AccessPro, and 7000

Description
Step-by-Step Procedure
Example of Password Recovery on a Cisco 2500

Description

This document describes the password recovery procedure for the following Cisco products:

Cisco 2000 Cisco 2500 Cisco 3000 Cisco 4000

Cisco AccessPro Cisco 7000 (RP) Cisco AGS Cisco IGS Cisco STS-10x

Step-by-Step Procedure

Attach a terminal or PC with terminal emulation to the console port of the router. Use the following terminal settings:

9600 baud rate
No parity
8 data bits
1 stop bit
No flow control

1. Type show version and record the setting of the configuration register. Click here to see output of a show version command.

The configuration register setting is usually 0x2102 or 0x102.

2. Using the switch, turn off the router and then turn it on.
3. Press Break on the terminal keyboard within 60 seconds of the powerup to put the router into ROMMON.

If the break sequence doesn't work, try CTRL+BREAK or use the terminal program to send the break as an ascii code.

4. Type o/r 0x2142 at the > prompt to boot from Flash without loading the configuration.
5. Type i at the > prompt.

The router reboots but ignores its saved configuration.

6. Type no after each setup question or press Ctrl-C to skip the initial setup procedure.
7. Type enable at the Router> prompt.

You'll be in enable mode and see the Router# prompt.

8. Important Type config mem or copy start running to copy the nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM) into memory. Do not type config term.
9. Type wr term or show running.

The show running and wr term commands show the configuration of the router. In this configuration you see under all the interfaces the shutdown command, which means all interfaces are currently shutdown. Also, you can see the passwords either in encrypted or unencrypted format.

10. Type config term and make the changes.

The prompt is now hostname(config)#.

11. Type enable secret <password>.
12. Issue the no shutdown command on every interface that is used. If you issue a show ip interface brief command, every interface that you want to use should be "up up".
13. Type config-register 0x2102, or the value you recorded in step 2.
14. Press Ctrl-z to leave the configuration mode.

The prompt is now hostname#.

15. Type write mem or copy running startup to commit the changes.

Example of Password Recovery on a Cisco 2500

The example shown here is password recovery on a Cisco 2500.

Router>en

Password:

Password:

Password:

% Bad secrets

Router>show version

Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software

IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 12.0(7)T,  RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)

Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.

Compiled Mon 06-Dec-99 17:10 by phanguye

Image text-base: 0x0306C4E0, data-base: 0x00001000

ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 5.2(8a), RELEASE SOFTWARE

BOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-RXBOOT), Version 10.2(8a), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)

Router uptime is 5 minutes

System returned to ROM by power-on

System image file is "flash:/c2500-js-l.120-7.T"

cisco 2500 (68030) processor (revision D) with 8192K/2048K bytes of memory.

Processor board ID 02315272, with hardware revision 00000000

Bridging software.

X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.

SuperLAT software (copyright 1990 by Meridian Technology Corp).

TN3270 Emulation software.

1 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)

1 Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 interface(s)

2 Serial network interface(s)

32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.

16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)

Configuration register is 0x2102

Router>

!--- The router was just powercycled and during bootup a

!--- break sequence was sent to the router.

!

Abort at 0x10EA83C (PC)

>o/r 0x2142

>i

System Bootstrap, Version 5.2(8a), RELEASE SOFTWARE

Copyright (c) 1986-1995 by cisco Systems

2500 processor with 8192 Kbytes of main memory

F3: 13626872+197596+780568 at 0x3000060

             Restricted Rights Legend

Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is

subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph

(c) of the Commercial Computer Software - Restricted

Rights clause at FAR sec. 52.227-19 and subparagraph

(c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer

Software clause at DFARS sec. 252.227-7013.

            cisco Systems, Inc.

            170 West Tasman Drive

            San Jose, California 95134-1706

Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software

IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 12.0(7)T,  RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)

Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.

Compiled Mon 06-Dec-99 17:10 by phanguye

Image text-base: 0x0306C4E0, data-base: 0x00001000

cisco 2500 (68030) processor (revision D) with 8192K/2048K bytes of memory.

Processor board ID 02315272, with hardware revision 00000000

Bridging software.

X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.

SuperLAT software (copyright 1990 by Meridian Technology Corp).

TN3270 Emulation software.

1 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)

1 Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 interface(s)

2 Serial network interface(s)

32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.

16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)

        --- System Configuration Dialog ---

Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]: 

!--- Ctrl-C pressed

!

Press RETURN to get started!

00:00:08: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0, changed state to up

00:00:08: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0, changed state to up

00:00:08: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial1, changed state to up

00:00:09: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to up

00:00:09: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial1, changed state to up

00:01:29: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0, changed state to up

00:01:29: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0Translating "Router"...domain server (255.255.255.255)

, changed state to up

00:01:30: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial1, changed state to up

00:01:31: %SYS-5-RESTART: System restarted --

Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software 

IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 12.0(7)T,  RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)

Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.

Compiled Mon 06-Dec-99 17:10 by phanguye

00:01:32: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to down

00:01:33: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Ethernet0, changed state to administratively down

00:01:33: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0, changed state to administratively down

00:01:33: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial1, changed state to administratively down

00:01:33: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface TokenRing0, changed state to administratively down

00:01:34: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0, changed state to down

00:01:34: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial1, changed state to down

00:01:34: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface TokenRing0, changed state to down

Router>en

Router#copy start run

Destination filename [running-config]? 

1278 bytes copied in 10.448 secs (127 bytes/sec)

Router#conf t

Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#enable secret Cisco

Router(config)#int e0

Router(config-if)#no shut 

*Mar  1 00:04:12.863: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0, changed state to up

*Mar  1 00:04:13.947: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0, changed state to up

Router(config-if)#int s0

Router(config-if)#no shut

*Mar  1 00:04:18.107: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0, changed state to up

*Mar  1 00:04:19.167: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to up

Router(config-if)#int s1

Router(config-if)#no shut

Router(config-if)#

*Mar  1 00:04:27.055: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial1, changed state to up

*Mar  1 00:04:28.071: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial1, changed state to up

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#config-register 0x2102

Router(config)#^Z

Router#wr mem

*Mar  1 00:05:09.035: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

Building configuration...

[OK]

Router#

Router#

---

Continue reading Password Recovery Procedure for the Cisco

Cisco Router Configuration Commands

Requirement	Cisco Command
Set a console password to cisco	Router(config)#line con 0 Router(config-line)#login Router(config-line)#password cisco
Set a telnet password	Router(config)#line vty 0 4 Router(config-line)#login Router(config-line)#password cisco
Stop console timing out	Router(config)#line con 0 Router(config-line)#exec-timeout 0 0
Set the enable password to cisco	Router(config)#enable password cisco
Set the enable secret password to peter. This password overrides the enable password and is encypted within the config file	Router(config)#enable secret peter
Enable an interface	Router(config-if)#no shutdown
To disable an interface	Router(config-if)#shutdown
Set the clock rate for a router with a DCE cable to 64K	Router(config-if)clock rate 64000
Set a logical bandwidth assignment of 64K to the serial interface	Router(config-if)bandwidth 64 Note that the zeroes are not missing
To add an IP address to a interface	Router(config-if)#ip addr 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
To enable RIP on all 172.16.x.y interfaces	Router(config)#router rip Router(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
Disable RIP	Router(config)#no router rip
To enable IRGP with a AS of 200, to all interfaces	Router(config)#router igrp 200 Router(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
Disable IGRP	Router(config)#no router igrp 200
Static route the remote network is 172.16.1.0, with a mask of 255.255.255.0, the next hop is 172.16.2.1, at a cost of 5 hops	Router(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1 5
Disable CDP for the whole router	Router(config)#no cdp run
Enable CDP for he whole router	Router(config)#cdp run
Disable CDP on an interface	Router(config-if)#no cdp enable

Cisco Router Show Commands

Requirement	Cisco Command
View version information	show version
View current configuration (DRAM)	show running-config
View startup configuration (NVRAM)	show startup-config
Show IOS file and flash space	show flash
Shows all logs that the router has in its memory	show log
View the interface status of interface e0	show interface e0
Overview all interfaces on the router	show ip interfaces brief
View type of serial cable on s0	show controllers 0 (note the space between the 's' and the '0')
Display a summary of connected cdp devices	show cdp neighbor
Display detailed information on all devices	show cdp entry *
Display current routing protocols	show ip protocols
Display IP routing table	show ip route
Display access lists, this includes the number of displayed matches	show access-lists
Check the router can see the ISDN switch	show isdn status
Check a Frame Relay PVC connections	show frame-relay pvc
show lmi traffic stats	show frame-relay lmi
Display the frame inverse ARP table	show frame-relay map

Cisco Router Basic Operations

Requirement	Cisco Command
Enable	Enter privileged mode
Return to user mode from privileged	disable
Exit Router	Logout or exit or quit
Recall last command	up arrow or
Recall next command	down arrow or
Suspend or abort	and and 6 then x
Refresh screen output
Compleat Command	TAB

Cisco Router Copy Commands

Requirement	Cisco Command
Save the current configuration from DRAM to NVRAM	copy running-config startup-config
Merge NVRAM configuration to DRAM	copy startup-config running-config
Copy DRAM configuration to a TFTP server	copy runing-config tftp
Merge TFTP configuration with current router configuration held in DRAM	copy tftp runing-config
Backup the IOS onto a TFTP server	copy flash tftp
Upgrade the router IOS from a TFTP server	copy tftp flash

Cisco Router Debug Commands

Requirement	Cisco Command
Enable debug for RIP	debug ip rip
Enable summary IGRP debug information	debug ip igrp events
Enable detailed IGRP debug information	debug ip igrp transactions
Debug IPX RIP	debug ipx routing activity
Debug IPX SAP	debug IPX SAP
Enable debug for CHAP or PAP	debug ppp authentication
Switch all debugging off	no debug all undebug all

---

Continue reading Cisco Router Configuration Commands

Standard ASCII set, HTML Entity names

ISO 10646, ISO 8879, ISO 8859-1 Latin alphabet No. 1 Browser support: All browsers

ASCII HTML HTML Dec Hex Symbol Number Name Description 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / " & space exclamation point double quotes number sign dollar sign percent sign ampersand single quote opening parenthesis closing parenthesis asterisk plus sign comma minus sign - hyphen period slash

ASCII HTML HTML Dec Hex Symbol Number Name Description 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E 3F 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? < > zero one two three four five six seven eight nine colon semicolon less than sign equal sign greater than sign question mark

ASCII HTML HTML Dec Hex Symbol Number Name Description 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E 4F @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O at symbol

ASCII HTML HTML Dec Hex Symbol Number Name Description 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E 5F P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ opening bracket backslash closing bracket caret - circumflex underscore

ASCII HTML HTML Dec Hex Symbol Number Name Description 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6A 6B 6C 6D 6E 6F ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o grave accent

ASCII HTML HTML Dec Hex Symbol Number Name Description 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 7A 7B 7C 7D 7E 7F p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ opening brace vertical bar closing brace equivalency sign - tilde (not defined in HTML 4 standard)

ASCII HTML HTML Dec Hex Symbol Number Name Description 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 8A 8B 8C 8D 8E 8F (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard)

ASCII HTML HTML Dec Hex Symbol Number Name Description 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 9A 9B 9C 9D 9E 9F (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard)

ASCII HTML HTML Dec Hex Symbol Number Name Description 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 AA AB AC AD AE AF ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ ­ ® ¯   ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ ­ ® ¯ ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ ­ ® ¯ non-breaking space inverted exclamation mark cent sign pound sign currency sign yen sign broken vertical bar section sign spacing diaeresis - umlaut copyright sign feminine ordinal indicator left double angle quotes not sign soft hyphen registered trade mark sign spacing macron - overline

ASCII HTML HTML Dec Hex Symbol Number Name Description 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 BA BB BC BD BE BF ° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ ° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ ° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ degree sign plus-or-minus sign superscript two - squared superscript three - cubed acute accent - spacing acute micro sign pilcrow sign - paragraph sign middle dot - Georgian comma spacing cedilla superscript one masculine ordinal indicator right double angle quotes fraction one quarter fraction one half fraction three quarters inverted question mark

ASCII HTML HTML Dec Hex Symbol Number Name Description 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 CA CB CC CD CE CF À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï latin capital letter A with grave latin capital letter A with acute latin capital letter A with circumflex latin capital letter A with tilde latin capital letter A with diaeresis latin capital letter A with ring above latin capital letter AE latin capital letter C with cedilla latin capital letter E with grave latin capital letter E with acute latin capital letter E with circumflex latin capital letter E with diaeresis latin capital letter I with grave latin capital letter I with acute latin capital letter I with circumflex latin capital letter I with diaeresis

ASCII HTML HTML Dec Hex Symbol Number Name Description 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 DA DB DC DD DE DF Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß latin capital letter ETH latin capital letter N with tilde latin capital letter O with grave latin capital letter O with acute latin capital letter O with circumflex latin capital letter O with tilde latin capital letter O with diaeresis multiplication sign latin capital letter O with slash latin capital letter U with grave latin capital letter U with acute latin capital letter U with circumflex latin capital letter U with diaeresis latin capital letter Y with acute latin capital letter THORN latin small letter sharp s - ess-zed

ASCII HTML HTML Dec Hex Symbol Number Name Description 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 EA EB EC ED EE EF à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï latin small letter a with grave latin small letter a with acute latin small letter a with circumflex latin small letter a with tilde latin small letter a with diaeresis latin small letter a with ring above latin small letter ae latin small letter c with cedilla latin small letter e with grave latin small letter e with acute latin small letter e with circumflex latin small letter e with diaeresis latin small letter i with grave latin small letter i with acute latin small letter i with circumflex latin small letter i with diaeresis

ASCII HTML HTML Dec Hex Symbol Number Name Description 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 FA FB FC FD FE FF ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ latin small letter eth latin small letter n with tilde latin small letter o with grave latin small letter o with acute latin small letter o with circumflex latin small letter o with tilde latin small letter o with diaeresis division sign latin small letter o with slash latin small letter u with grave latin small letter u with acute latin small letter u with circumflex latin small letter u with diaeresis latin small letter y with acute latin small letter thorn latin small letter y with diaeresis

HTML 4.01, ISO 10646, ISO 8879, Latin extended A and B, Browser support: Internet Explorer > 4, Netscape > 4

HTML HTML Dec Hex Symbol Number Name Description 338 339 352 353 376 402 152 153 160 161 178 192 Œ œ Š š Ÿ ƒ Œ œ Š š Ÿ ƒ latin capital letter OE latin small letter oe latin capital letter S with caron latin small letter s with caron latin capital letter Y with diaeresis latin small f with hook - function

HTML HTML Dec Hex Symbol Number Name Description 8211 8212 8216 8217 8218 8220 8221 8222 8224 8225 8226 8230 8240 8364 8482 2013 2014 2018 2019 201A 201C 201D 201E 2020 2021 2022 2026 2030 20AC 2122 – — ‘ ’ ‚ “ ” „ † ‡ • … ‰ € ™ – — ‘ ’ ‚ “ ” „ † ‡ • … ‰ € ™ € en dash em dash left single quotation mark right single quotation mark single low-9 quotation mark left double quotation mark right double quotation mark double low-9 quotation mark dagger double dagger bullet horizontal ellipsis per thousand sign euro sign trade mark sign

Continue reading Standard ASCII set, HTML Entity names